Global Innovation Index
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India has progressed in all the input leads and lost out on 1 out of 2 output leads. In effect, innovation ecosystem, or more indirectly economic competitiveness, has improved. Innovation output has lagged partly because India is not invested in sunrise industries and also because research talent is employed by foreign firms in India.

1. Political environment, particularly "political stability and absence of violence" has turned positive, but will this last? Business environment has improved and will continue thus. Regulatory quality remains in doldrums.

2. Educational expenditure has increased (incl. per secondary pupil) but this has not impacted volume indicators like pupil-teacher ratio or years of schooling. However, teacher skill-sets (ie. sharp rise in quality of teacher training degree & trainee numbers, recruitment norms, online catch-up training) are being upgraded, and learning outcomes will benefit by the extra focus on school management (detailed inspections, assessment of school leadership quality, teacher numbers & attendance, upgrades like digital equipment/ course portals/ on-line distance education, financial support for improving state systems, naming & shaming states with poor outcomes), and also by the new education policy which is about to be introduced.

2b. Tertiary education rankings has been bumped by adding "No. of STEM graduates" indicator, while enrolment has increased as well. Expenditure on research has fallen, but "No. of researchers" has increased, perhaps due to employment by foreign firms. QS university grade has improved, but not in a profound way. In this regard, major impact can come from Govt's push in higher education, eg. world-class varsities initiative, research grants & start-up ecosystem; funding for new & expansion of existing IITs, scientific institutes, AIMS/ post-grad medical, nursing colleges; industry-led technical institutes, etc; and through elimination of unwanted engineering institutes, reduction of anti-social elements and various scholarship programmes.

3a. Infrastructure lead is narrowly defined. India has lagged in ICT rankings despite improvements, as other countries are also improving. India has relatively slow data speeds despite converting wholesale to 4G, but, transformation has taken place in data costs, access, and use. If India completes the optic-fibre network, adds 5G and improves 4G speeds in the next year or so, then it can jump in rankings. Logistic performance has disappointed in 2019 and surprisingly so. Electricity output is low due to low per capita incomes, but it will improve sharply due to increased electrification of the economy, eg. full household electrification, full railways electrification, EVs, electric appliances, smart cities lighting, etc.

3b. Gross capital formation will head upwards, particularly due to new factors like $1.5 trillion public infra plan over 5 years along with issue of sovereign foreign currency debt, higher mutual fund investment, mandated increase in equity floats, higher employee social security payments due to formalisation of jobs, govt subsidy for informal pensions, liberalisation of insurance, health cover for poor, Jan Dhan savings account for poor, MUDRA loans and improved credit scene, via banks (subvention schemes, MSME financing support, PSU bank recapitalisation, insolvency resolutions, etc), markets (large companies obliged to use this route) & Govt (public NHAI bonds).

3c. Ecological factors are a big dampener, partly due to a big rise in air pollution. Clean transport policy (esp BS-VI fuel, fall in diesel cars, EV buses, faster roads, e-tolls), access to clean cooking gas, banning of petroleum coke, renewable power, crop residue collection & processing and strict thermal power emission norms will impact air pollution in a big way. Solid & industrial waste will probably continue to accumulate, though govt's Clean India mission, Plastic waste policy and Waste-to-Wealth initiatives will start to tackle pollution.

4. Market sophistication has seen a big jump, mainly due to addition of "Domestic market scale". Improvements are seen in credit and investment, while domestic competition should improve due to GST & formalisation, G-eM/ auctioning & less cronyism, manufacturing supply-side support and better logistics.

5.  Business sophistication has seen a big jump in ranking which is not reflected in scores. Major jumps are seen in "Firms offering formal training", "University/ industry collaborations", "Intellectual property payments" and "High-tech / ICT services imports". It has also improved because "Research talent in business enterprise" indicator was added in 2016.

		2019	2018	2017	2016	2015	2014	2013		2019	2018	2017	2016	2015	2014	2013
	Country: India	Rank								Score
	Global Innovation Index	52	57	60	66	81	76	66		36.6	35.2	35.47	33.61	31.7	33.7	36.17
	Innovation Efficiency Ratio		49	53	63	31	31	11		0.64	0.65	0.66	0.66	0.79	0.82	1.02
	Innovation Input Sub-index	61	63	66	72	100	93	87		44.7	42.53	42.84	40.49	35.51	36.97	35.77
	Innovation Output Sub-index	51	57	58	59	69	65	42		28.5	27.83	28.11	26.73	27.97	30.42	36.56
	Property	Rank								Score
1	Institutions	77	80	92	96	104	106	102		59.5	55.89	51.37	50.73	50.05	50.83	51.91
1.1	Political environment	71	80	87	98	109	120	108		53	45.96	43.12	36.16	35.53	43.32	44.36
	Political stability and absence of violence/terrorism	91	110	106	113	124	126	123		61.4	42.55	41.51	38.95	34.79	35.17	36.68
	Government effectiveness	65	65	66	82	82	82	70		48.8	47.66	44.73	33.37	36.26	36.02	37.62
	Press freedom						115	113							58.78	58.78
1.2	Regulatory environment	69	72	73	77	81	83	77		64.5	63.65	59.78	61.94	62.43	62.2	63.65
	Regulatory quality	90	91	93	99	107	108	99		35.1	36.24	32.11	33.59	35.21	36.47	40.68
	Rule of law	64	66	61	66	63	64	64		46.5	42	37.76	44.89	45	43.5	45.09
	Cost of redundancy dismissal	63	60	64	67	70	73	74		88.2	88.17	84.63	84.63	84.74	84.41	84.41
1.3	Business environment	101	106	121	117	130	128	124		60.9	58.08	51.21	54.11	52.18	46.97	47.73
	Ease of starting a business	104	114	114	114	125	129	128		81	75.4	74.31	73.59	68.42	62.74	62.4
	Ease of resolving insolvency	95	91	111	110	118	105	104		40.8	40.75	32.75	32.59	32.6	27.12	28.3
	Ease of paying taxes			118	109	120	120	118				46.58	56.14	55.53	51.04	52.5
2	Human capital and research	53	56	64	63	103	96	105		33.5	32.8	32.31	32.18	19.98	22.65	21.67
2.1	Education	110	112	114	118	126	128	127		28	27.23	26.66	26.03	26.82	24.2	27.63
	Expenditure on education	84	82	84	83	90	109	90		32.2	32.17	32.13	31.94	28.88	19.51	20.88
	Government expenditure on education per pupil, secondary	72	65	67	83	82	90	92		24.6	19.68	17.54	15.29	12.89	10.76	16.01
	School life expectancy	87	82	89	92	95	91	109		37.6	40.16	43.35	41.62	42.4	43.44	38.06
	Assessment in reading, mathematics, and science	71	71	71	62	62	62	69		0		n/a	0	n/a	0	4.4
	Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary	104	101	104	103	97	92	108		35.3	33.83	27.26	30.55	46.2	46.18	47.18
2.2	Tertiary education	40	45	68	67	123	122	133		38.4	36.88	34.34	34.14	10.54	11.73	6.52
	Tertiary enrolment	86	84	88	87	85	86	94		21.3	21.6	21.88	21.11	20.72	23	16.67
	Graduates in science and engineering	7	6	10	8	n/a	n/a	n/a		66	62.67	57.48	57.48	n/a		n/a
	Tertiary level inbound mobility	107	102	102	99	112	106	107		0.4	0.56	0.53	0.49	0.36	0.47	1.74
	Gross tertiary outbound enrolment							128								1.16
2.3	Research and development (R&D)	35	32	32	31	44	31	30		34.2	34.29	35.94	36.35	22.58	32.03	30.86
	Researchers	77	74	81	77	75		n/a		2.5	2.47	1.75	1.75	1.85		n/a
	Gross expenditure on R&D (GERD)	50	52	43	40	42	41	43		13.3	14.37	19.05	18.31	18.93	18.33	16.95
	Global R&D companies, average expenditure top 3	15	18	14	20					73.9	70.53	73.96	68.29
	QS university ranking average score top 3 universities	21	21	21	20	28	27	27		47.3	49.8	49	57.07	46.97	45.73	44.78
3	Infrastructure	79	77	73	87	87	87	89		43	40.44	44.06	37.03	34.59	32.12	27.49
3.1	Information and communication technologies (ICTs)	75	83	80	86	86	99	96		62.5	50.78	49.15	39.23	38.59	25.88	25.6
	ICT access	105	105	106	108	115	111	109		38.5	36	33.2	31.33	30.5	25	24.76
	ICT use	106	110	109	107	117	112	110		20.8	16.2	12.5	8.53	6.8	6.5	5.65
	Government's online service	9	33	33	57	57	56	55		95.1	74.64	74.64	54.33	54.33	53.59	53.59
	Online e-participation	15	27	27	40	40	73	72		95.5	76.27	76.27	62.74	62.75	18.42	18.42
3.2	General infrastructure	42	38	32	52	43	33	46		41.9	46.87	48.46	39.25	38.88	43.08	34.39
	Electricity output	92	93	94	91	94	95	97		3.9	3.67	3.51	4.82	4.65	4.08	3.86
	Electricity consumption							100								2.52
	Logistics performance	43	34	34	52	52	46	46		52.1	62.74	62.74	46.24	46.87	58.33	52
	Gross capital formation	17	20	12	18	14	14	9		55.8	60.53	63.78	52.97	52.01	54.94	47.97
3.3	Ecological sustainability	117	119	103	109	117	106	102		24.7	23.69	34.57	32.6	26.28	27.4	22.49
	GDP per unit of energy use	62	65	65	63	65	80	78		28	25.52	30.01	24.75	31.09	23.57	24.18
	Environmental performance	125	123	108	110	126	128	117		30.6	30.57	53.58	53.58	31.23	31.23	36.23
	ISO 14001 environmental certificates	70	68	69	66	70		61		6.2	6.26	5.67	6.31	6.77		7.05
4	Market sophistication	33	36	39	33	72	50	49		56.3	53.44	51.87	50.31	46.54	51.22	49.5
4.1	Credit	57	70	74	78	80	80	76		38.7	34.31	31.73	29.44	28.13	33.35	35.48
	Ease of getting credit	20	26	40	39	34	27	22		80	75	65	65	65	81.25	81.3
	Domestic credit to private sector	69	68	67	62	64	65	64		22.2	19.91	20.32	19.12	15.91	15.75	22.45
	Microfinance institutions' gross loan portfolio	23	35	34	43	50	55	58		13.9	8.03	9.88	4.19	3.48	3.05	2.7
4.2	Investment	37	35	36	30	42	41	24		50.8	50.29	46.87	46.6	44.31	44.25	43.09
	Ease of protecting minority investors	6	4	13	8	7	32	49		80	80	73.33	73.33	72.5	63.33	61.5
	Market capitalization	20	21	22	21	24	27	33		32.4	32.28	30.93	35.29	41.83	40.06	26.08
	Total value of stocks traded				21	25	26	27					30.88	27.05	33.07	28.45
	Venture capital deals	30	39	40	32	35	24	20		10.7	8.88	9.88	20.16	7.65	21.44	56.31
4.3	Trade, competition, & market scale	9	16	16	20	104	59	106		79.4	75.72	77	74.9	67.19	76.08	69.92
	Applied tariff rate, weighted mean	93	96	100	99	109	113	108		67.6	58.5	63.41	57.25	71.29	71.12	58.15
	Market access for non-agricultural exports						89	99							81.52	78.66
	Intensity of local competition	70	93	91	96	88	22	32		67.6	62.19	62.49	60.57	63.09	75.83	72.95
	Domestic market scale	3	3	3	3					91.2	91.09	91.05	90.89
5	Business sophistication	65	64	55	57	116	93	94		31	30.06	34.57	32.2	26.39	28.02	28.28
5.1	Knowledge workers	99	97	83	86	132	110	95		24.1	22.98	31.26	31.38	13.73	25	37.41
	Employment in knowledge-intensive services	91	91							23.9	20.32
	Firms offering formal training	38	38	36	42	98	97	96		42.9	42.88	42.88	42.88	16.49	15.26	13.99
	GERD performed by business enterprise	49	49	46	45	43	43	42		6.9	7.47	8.03	8.4	8.22	8.65	7.28
	Females employed with advanced degrees	103	93							4.1	4.04
	GMAT mean score							13								88.64
	GMAT test takers						57	56							43.93	60.53
5.2	Innovation linkages	41	41	37	43	52	46	51		33.6	37.44	37.78	36.96	37.33	38.92	30.9
	University/industry research collaboration	23	25	23	49	48	43	49		60.1	57.25	58.93	47.85	47.85	50	47.48
	State of cluster development	25	30	26	28	25	15	29		60.4	57.1	58.73	55.97	58.38	64.67	54.92
	Joint venture/strategic alliance deals	48	52	49	37	51	54	44		14.9	13.06	9.08	14.7	12.18	11.89	17.8
	Patent families filed in at least two offices	46	41	43	37	52	84	59		2.7	2.69	3.46	10.32	9.86	3.39	3.39
5.3	Knowledge absorption	56	66	55	66	99	100	122		35.4	29.76	34.68	28.25	28.11	20.15	16.54
	Intellectual property payments	29	25	29	32	42	35	61		27.4	29.74	30.26	27.15	22.49	25.43	12.25
	High-tech imports	27	51	52	66	70	73	81		34.9	29.21	30.07	26	22.3	23.46	18.91
	ICT services imports	62	66	78	70	74	75	97		27.2	19.74	14.69	14.92	20.76	14.71	12.45
	Foreign direct investment, net inflows	83	80	87	86	98	89	95		51.8	38.55	49.94	26.39	44.1	19.65	20.39
	Research talent in business enterprise	46	45	33	31					31.5	31.53	46.22	46.22
6	Knowledge and technology outputs	32	43	38	43	49	50	37		33.5	30.29	30.31	30.96	30.09	32.2	34.47
6.1	Knowledge creation	42	55	55	57	59	57	53		20.9	15.58	14.2	14.44	15.16	18.37	17.09
	Patent applications by origin	52	55	53	54	53	52	55		9	8.2	8.37	9.12	11.84	12.16	8.38
	PCT international applications by origin	51	54	54	51	49	59	54		3.3	2.54	2.3	2.45	2.26	7.47	6.95
	Scientific and technical publications	77	73	79	77	77	74	76		14.3	13.93	9.02	9.91	10.92	14.15	14.06
	Citable documents H index	21	21	21	22	23	24	23		38.9	37.66	37.1	36.29	35.61	39.7	38.96
6.2	Knowledge impact	35	42	30	48	84	87	62		43.4	41.38	40.53	39.27	35.03	34.14	35.71
	Growth rate of GDP per person engaged	4	4	5	6	38	24	14		93.4	88.61	85.45	82.13	67.69	72.61	70.75
	New business density	100	100	100	101	99	87	99		0.4	0.4	0.68	0.68	0.8	0.82	0.58
	Total computer software spending	65	65	66	62	68	74	64		20	19.41	21.33	14.09	14.74	n/a	9.13
	ISO 9001 quality certificates	65	67	65	59	57	59	56		9	10.03	7.43	11.48	12.28	14.33	13.52
	High-tech and medium high-tech output	33	34	40	36	32	33	31		44.4	41.19	42.82	45.1	46.95	44.46	49.5
6.3	Knowledge diffusion	23	25	26	26	34	24	22		36.1	33.92	36.22	39.16	40.08	44.1	41.93
	Intellectual property receipts	50	53	53	45	57	61	83		3.1	3.7	4.82	5.93	14.5	12.31	3.07
	High-tech exports	46	44	45	37	39	45	39		16.4	12.83	10.86	13.16	14.78	10.01	14.66
	ICT services exports	1	1	1	1	1	1	1		100	100	100	100	100	100	100
	Foreign direct investment, net outflows	76	73	76	60	92	64	51		24.8	26.54	32.71	38.36	35.58	49.09	50.01
7	Creative outputs	78	75	100	94	95	82	65		23.5	25.36	20.02	22.51	25.86	28.64	38.65
7.1	Intangible assets	81	85	114	98	101	94	44		37.8	36.81	27.57	34.81	37.94	39.43	48.84
	Trademark application class count by origin	79	75	77	72	75	69	55		9.7	13.68	13.19	14.51	13.98	14.48	15.51
	Industrial designs by origin	77	76	82	72		72			4.3	3.69	2.25	4.32		0.06
	ICTs and business model creation	58	82	102	87	84	39	35		61.1	55.88	49.58	51.47	51.73	63.5	66.52
	ICTs and organizational model creation	47	50	118	64	86	38	26		59.6	57.44	32.61	53.71	48.1	60	64.5
7.2	Creative goods and services	66	63	104	72	77	58	53		15.2	22.35	5.7	19.12	17.27	21.05	39.4
	Cultural and creative services exports	39	47	65	45	59	65			17.2	7.01	2.42	7.58	5.47	3.99
	National feature films produced	60	59	54	54	65	58	63		8	7.9	12.17	10.46	5.92	10.53	24.06
	Entertainment and media market	60	61		59	58	58	44		0.5	0.51		0.12	0.2	0.17	24.21
	Printing, publications & other media output	88	76		84	84	82	85		8.7	15.97		9.29	9.03	6.58	6.93
	Creative goods exports	22	17	88	16	18	13	11		31.7	54.54	4.1	48.55	45.62	59.77	87.14
7.3	Online creativity	76	67	65	101	78	78	105		3.2	5.46	19.24	1.29	10.28	14.65	17.5
	Generic top-level domains (gTLDs)	98	97	45	98	104	102	95		0.9	0.9	7.29	1.02	1.15	1.22	1.33
	Country-code top-level domains (ccTLDs)	91	88	74	84	92	88	85		0.6	0.62	1.34	0.7	0.75	14.91	14.86
	Wikipedia yearly edits	105	105	60	96	102	106	108		0.7	0.65	49.1	1.92	1.92	0.9	0.88
	Mobile app creation	42	44							10.7	19.69
	Video uploads on YouTube				68	68	58	109					1.53	37.29	41.57	52.95