Agriculture value added per Hectare (India, 2017, current $)

This indicator is important from farmers' incomes prospective. It is worth looking at the impact of agriculture value added on cropped area and export potential given the tendency for surplus production (ie. domestic yield vs global yields). High agriculture value added should result in higher incomes and rising area under the crop, which may not be possible due to climate & water, soil-types & topography and market demand. 

Fruit and vegetables (ie. horticulture) are the most profitable crops. Ginger and Garlic are similar, though they are classified as spices. Plantations such as Araca nuts and Rubber, Dry Chillies and Walnuts are there in the $2,000 to $4,000/ha level. Crops in the $1,500 to $2,000/ha level should be considered profitable as it is bound by Sugarcane at the top and Rice (which includes Basmati) at the bottom. Coffee and Nutmeg et al are among other profitable crops. Next level (from $800 to $1,500/ha) has Wheat, Castor and Jute at the bottom, and includes Cotton, Coconut, Cashew and Tea. All other spices (eg. pepper, anise, coriander, fennel) are present here. This should be the lowest income level for sustainable farming. For example, wheat is popular only because of MSP and steady returns due to stable wheat yields. 

Lowest income level gives rise to subsistence farming and comprises 42% of gross cropped area. It is entirely made up of pulses, coarse grains and oilseeds (see below). To be fair, some value can be derived from crop residue for animal feed. Given the inhospitable or rain-fed conditions, farmers can only swap between low-valued added crops depending on market demand. It also means that efforts to simultaneously expand the production of pulses, coarse grains and oilseeds would to be very difficult. Double cropping will increase value addition per hectare, and to that extent growing low-value crops incl wheat, oilseeds, pulses and cereals will not be subsistence farming. 

There is potential do better, eg. these crops will give good returns under irrigation; new varieties are improving yields; and GM Maize is grown successfully in many parts of the world which India can copy. PV Solar & livestock are good adjuncts for farmers.

 Crop details                                                   Income ($/ha)               Area ('000ha)                             Type

Groundnuts, with shell	754	5,030	oilseed
Maize	630	9,219	coarse grain
Sunflower seed	611	317	oilseeds
Barley	596	656	coarse grain
Pulses, nes	589	2,149	pulses
Chick peas	566	9,539	pulses
Peas, dry	558	833	pulses
Rapeseed	554	5,913	oilseeds
Soybeans	493	10,399	oilseeds
Pigeon peas	370	5,387	pulses
Sesame seed	368	1,571	oilseeds
Lentils	314	1,658	pulses
Safflower seed	265	87	oilseeds
Millet	250	9,094	coarse grain
Linseed	237	364	oilseeds
Cocoa, beans	185	83	plantation
Oilseeds nes	184	220	oilseeds
Sorghum	170	5,862	coarse grain
Beans, dry	150	15,427	pulses

1. Above $4000/ ha 

Average = $ 7,675/ha,  Area = 8.70 ha (4.34% of total)  &  Value = $ 66.75b (27.23% of total)
Fruit - 57%,  Vegetables - 34.8%,  Ginger & Garlic - 8.2%

2. $2000 to $4000/ ha (Tobacco to ~Potatoes) 
Average = $ 3,020/ha,  Area = 7.16 ha (3.57%)  &  Value = $ 21.63b (8.82%)
Fruit- 2.1%, Vegetables- 66.5%, Spice- 11.7%, Arecanuts, Rubber & Walnuts- 10.1%, Tobacco- 6.5%

3. $1500 to $2000/ha (Rice up to Sugarcane)
Average = $ 1,640/ha,  Area = 49.90 ha (24.89%) &  Value = $ 81.85b (33.39%)
Rice - 87.8%,  Sugarcane - 7.6%,  Fruit - 3.5%,  Nutmeg - 0.2%,  Coffee - 0.9%

4. $800 to $1500/ha (Wheat to below Rice)
Average = $ 905/ha,  Area = 50.94 ha (25.41%) &  Value = $ 46.10b (18.80%)
Wheat- 60.1%, Cotton, Castor & Jute- 27.3%, Coconut- 4.1%, Spices- 3.7%, Cashew- 1.9%, Tea- 1.2%,  Vegetables- 1.7%

5. Below $800/ha  (all below ~Wheat)
Average = $ 344/ha,  Area = 83.81 ha (41.80%) &  Value = $ 28.84b (11.76%)
Pulses- 41.75%  incl. Maize, Millet, Sorghum, Barley
Coarse Grains- 29.63%  incl. Dry beans, Chick peas, Pigeon peas, Lentils, Dry peas
Oilseeds- 28.5%  incl.  Groundnuts, Soybeans, Rapeseed, Sesame
Cocoa beans?- 0.1%

 Crop details                                                         Income ($/ha)              Area ('000ha)                                 Type

Papayas	16,070	134	fruit
Melons, other (inc.cantaloupes)	13,878	46	fruit
Grapes	13,409	137	fruit
Grapefruit (inc. pomelos)	10,546	15	fruit
Okra	10,364	507	vegetables
Bananas	9,458	860	fruit
Apples	9,378	305	fruit
Cauliflowers and broccoli	9,376	454	vegetables
Oranges	9,355	601	fruit
Fruit, tropical fresh nes	8,641	452	fruit
Pineapples	7,283	111	fruit
Fruit, citrus nes	6,921	83	fruit
Tomatoes	6,910	797	vegetables
Lemons and limes	6,539	248	vegetables
Mangoes, mangosteens, guavas	6,353	2,212	fruit
Garlic	6,176	321	spice
Cabbages and other brassicas	5,697	395	vegetables
Ginger	5,500	168	spice
Peas, green	5,290	530	vegetables
Vegetables, fresh nes	4,696	2,529	vegetables
Cherries	3,948	4	fruit
Potatoes	3,778	2,179	vegetables
Pears	3,756	44	fruit
Areca nuts	3,666	455	nuts
Plums and sloes	3,296	32	fruit
Onions, dry	3,039	1,306	vegetables
Peaches and nectarines	2,853	41	fruit
Rubber, natural	2,663	457	plantation
Chillies and peppers, green	2,450	8	vegetables
Chillies and peppers, dry	2,443	840	spice
Eggplants (aubergines)	2,369	733	vegetables
Lettuce and chicory	2,362	172	vegetables
Sweet potatoes	2,329	128	vegetables
Watermelons	2,290	30	fruit
Carrots and turnips	2,260	36	vegetables
Cassava	2,255	199	vegetables
Walnuts, with shell	2,113	31	nuts
Tobacco, unmanufactured	2,069	468	tobacco
Sugar cane	1,950	3,813	sugarcane
Fruit, fresh nes	1,903	1,741	fruit
Coffee, green	1,698	450	plantation
Rice, paddy	1,603	43,789	rice
Nutmeg, mace and cardamoms	1,517	108	spice
Pumpkins, squash and gourds	1,424	536	vegetables
Fruit, stone nes	1,416	1	fruit
Spices, nes	1,196	896	spice
Pepper (piper spp.)	1,105	132	spice
Apricots	1,054	5	fruit
Mushrooms and truffles	1,020	41	mushrooms
Cucumbers and gherkins	1,019	26	vegetables
Coconuts	1,019	2,082	plantations
Figs	1,017	6	fruit
Beans, green	979	242	vegetables
Tea	970	622	tea
Seed cotton	934	12,200	oilseed/fibre
Cashew nuts, with shell	922	978	plantation
Wheat	869	30,600	wheat
Anise, badian, fennel, coriander	858	872	spice
Castor oil seed	857	866	oilseed
Bastfibres, other	857	67	fibre
Jute	813	770	fibre

Doubling farmers' incomes: how to do it by NITI Aayog

https://niti.gov.in/writereaddata/files/document_publication/DOUBLING%20FARMERS%20INCOME.pdf